Trademark FAQs

A while back I did a FAQ on many of the copyright questions I receive. It’s about time to do one on trademarks as well.

Note: This is not a complete list of everything you need to know about trademarks, but a few commonly asked questions I receive.

1) Do I need to register a trademark?

If you think the trademark is vital to your brand or organization, then registering it with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) makes sense—this is known as a federal trademark. But, only do so if you are using it in interstate commerce and plan on continuously using it. Sales of product in interstate commerce and continued use are requirements to maintaining federal trademark protection. If you are using a trademark without registering it, you have what are known as common law rights, but it can be difficult to establish and protect those rights. Registration with the USPTO is the best way to prove and enforce your rights.

2) Can I register a comic book title as a trademark?

Yes, so long as you continue publishing the comic book as an ongoing series under the same title. Again, continued use is key to maintaining a trademark. Because of this requirement, titles of books or one-shots are not eligible for trademark protection.

3) How much does it cost to register a trademark?

It costs between $225-275 per class of goods/services to file a trademark registration. Depending on how it’s filed, the number of classes of goods/services selected, and if it encounters any issues during the registration process, the costs of registration could increase. If you’re using an attorney or a service to assist you in registering the trademark, those fees will be separate. Once registered, there are additional fees to maintain your trademark registration.

4) Are there other trademark registration options?

You can try and register your trademark in the state in which you reside. It will be cheaper, but only grants you trademark rights in that state.

5) Can’t I just put a ® next to my title?

No, the ® designation is reserved only for trademarks registered with the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. Unregistered trademarks may be designated with a “TM,” but it does not grant you any special rights.

If you’d like to read more about trademarks, check out my previous post in my Comics Startup 101 series.

Why Reversion Rights Matter

            During the panel I hosted at C2E2 and another one I listened to, the concept of reversion came up multiple times. Since I believe reversion rights are an important concept for creators to understand and to ask for, I’ll talk a little more in-depth about it today.

            Reversion rights are when the rights you have granted to someone, e.g., the right to adapt your comic book into a film or TV show, automatically return to you. Typically, this occurs because of conditions set forth in your contract, such as a failure to raise enough capital within a set amount of time, failure to produce and distribute the movie/TV show within a set number of years, or it can even be a continuing progression of achievements that must be met in order for the other party to retain the rights to your work. If you do not have reversion rights, or termination rights, in your contract, you might not be able to reclaim the rights you have transferred.

            Reversion and termination are similar, but are structured differently. As I said before, reversion occurs if certain conditions aren’t met in the contract, and it’s typically supposed to occur without any action on your part. If the other party doesn’t meet the requirements, the rights come back to you on a certain date. It can also apply to all of the rights granted in the contract or only to some. Depending on the deal, a reversion could be the effective termination of the agreement, or the deal may continue with some of the rights returning. Termination provisions, while often dealing with similar subject matter, usually require an action on your part—a notification to terminate—in order for the contract to be terminated, and once a contract is terminated, the relationship is over.

            Reversion rights are important because it places an obligation on the party licensing the rights to your work to actually do something with those rights. Otherwise, they will lose the rights they’ve acquired. Reversion gives creators an easy way to regain unexploited or underutilized rights to your work and, hopefully, license them to someone else. You get more opportunities to see your work adapted into other media and more chances to make additional money.  

Wizard World Pitchfest

When the partnership was announced between Sony Pictures and Wizard World to hold pitch sessions at conventions, it was a little light on details. Now, we know how the two companies will handle the pitch sessions.

In advance of Wizard World Portland, Sony and Wizard World have revealed how to participate in their pitch process. Instead of pitching to Sony, the pitch process is with Columbia Pictures, a Sony subsidiary. To participate in the 2018 Portland Pitchfest, you must attend Wizard World Portland as an attendee, exhibitor, or artist, submit your idea for a movie through the online portal, and be selected to pitch your idea at the show. You also must agree to two privacy policies and a Submission/Pitch Release.

I skimmed over the Submission/Pitch Release, and there is a lot of the typical information you’d expect in it. Just because Columbia is hearing your pitch it isn’t obligated to buy your idea, compensate you for your idea if they don’t use it, or produce your pitch. If they like your pitch, you agree to negotiate with them. Also, I didn’t see anything obligating you to pay Wizard World. So, any money Wizard World receives should be coming directly from Columbia.

Columbia also lists a number of ways they won’t compensate you if it ends producing something similar to your idea. If your pitch “(a) is substantially similar to or contains significant elements of a concept Company already had under consideration or in development at the time of my submission or presentation, or (b) is not unique, novel, original, or concrete so as to be entitled to intellectual property protection under the law, or (c) has been made public by anyone at the time of my submission or presentation, or (d) is in the public domain or otherwise would be freely usable by a third person as a member of the general public, or (e) is not protected by federal copyright law, or (f) was not fixed in a tangible means of expression or (g) was, is or may be obtained by Company from other sources, including without limitation, Company's own employees or associates or those of third parties independently of my creation, whether before or after the date of my submission and/or presentation[,]” then Columbia will not be obligated to compensate you for your pitch. 

The agreement also includes some other unfavorable language to those pitching to Columbia. For instance, if you have to sue Columbia, by agreeing to the release you agree to binding arbitration instead of court, and the arbitration will take place in Los Angeles. Additionally, any damages you might get from Columbia are limited to fair market value of the script – at the time of original negotiation. Furthermore, you agree you cannot seek an injunction against Columbia preventing release of any TV show/film/media/etc. produced using your idea during the course of litigation, which can be a major bargaining chip. Also, if you lose in a lawsuit/arbitration, you will pay all of Columbia’s fees. Another interesting piece of language in the release puts the burden on you to prove Columbia didn’t independently develop the idea, had access to it, copied it, and otherwise establish all elements of Columbia’s liability. You also agree that your submission doesn’t presume Columbia took or copied your pitch or otherwise had access to your pitch, other than the person hearing it. 

What steps can you take to protect your idea if you are interested in participating in the pitch process at Wizard World? Based on the language giving Columbia broad exemptions, and as a best practice in general, you want your pitch to be as original as possible, as fully developed as possible, and committed to writing, paper, or other media in some way.

I still believe this to be a worthwhile effort for Columbia to find some different ideas outside of the typical Hollywood landscape. By requiring submissions in advance, they can determine if there are any ideas they are actually interested in hearing before committing resources to attend a Wizard World convention, which can limit their financial burden. Even though the release seems ridiculous and broad, Columbia needs it to manage its risk. Idea theft lawsuits are common in Hollywood, and it’s the main reason most companies don’t accept unsolicited pitches.

If you choose to participate, good luck, have fun, do your best, and don’t forget to negotiate. 

Authorizing Fan Art

Note: When I’m discussing fan art, I am using the term broadly to include any fan-made work, including art, film, books, or music.

I’ve written about fan art issues a few times, including an initial piece on the legality of fan art and one about case law/status. It’s a topic I revisit for a few reasons. First, while it is seemingly a black or white—legal or not—issue, it exists in a gray area of the law. Second, with the continued rise of fan cultures and the internet, it’s a topic that won’t be going away anytime soon. And, finally, it places owners of famous intellectual property in a difficult position of trying to protect their rights while also not alienating fans. Today’s post is going to explore some programs implemented by intellectual property owners attempting to address that last topic.

            Fan art can be a blessing and a curse for intellectual property (IP) owners. For instance, it’s exciting and healthy for your brand if fans generate art featuring it. It shows the brand is popular, and your fans are engaged. However, it can be a problem when the fan art negatively impacts the original IP, either through competing directly with the original IP or through tarnishing the brand’s image. How can IP owners navigate the area between shutting down all fan art to protect themselves and encouraging fan engagement? One of the options IP owners are exploring is allowing fans to create fan art, but giving them conditions to follow.

            AsI wrote about previously, CBS/Paramount, the owners of Star Trek, ran into a problem when a group raised over $1,000,000 on Kickstarter to fund production of a “fan film.” CBS/Paramount sued to stop production of this film, even though they had never stopped production of a fan film or TV series previously. There was an outcry from the fandom, and even the director of the next major Star Trek film, Justin Lin, expressed his displeasure with the tactic. This is what prompted CBS/Paramount to issue official guidelines for fan films, which I wrote about here. If fans follow the rules, then they won’t receive a nasty letter or lawsuit from CBS/Paramount.

            More recently, Marvel announced a service allowing fans to create their own comics. However, it was mocked when it was announced because of the terms imposed. Among the lengthy conditions, comics the users create aren’t supposed to include:

· Content that could frighten or upset young children or the parents of young children

· Sexually explicit images (pornography, etc.)

· Suggestive or revealing images (bare midriffs, legs, etc.)

· Sensationalism (killer bees, gossip, aliens, scandal, etc.)

· Potentially slanderous or libelous content

· Obscenity, bad or offensive language, proxies for bad or offensive language (X@#%!), body parts, or noises related to bodily functions

· Politics (lobbyists, PAC sites, political campaigns, alternative lifestyle advocacies)

· Death

· Discrimination based on race, sex, religion, nationality, disability, sexual orientation, or age

· Illegal activities or any materials that infringe or assist others to infringe upon any copyright, trademark, or any other intellectual property rights

· Misleading language

· Images or content that is in any way unlawful, harmful, threatening, defamatory, obscene, or harassing

· Unauthorized or unapproved use of Marvel creative assets (such as talent, logos, characters, movie logos, theme park imagery, color scheme, font[s])

· A copy or parody of current or past Marvel advertising creative (from any media form)

· Other controversial topics (social issues, etc.)

· Implied affiliation or favored status with Marvel

· Double entendres

· Amusement parks (other than Disney amusement parks)

· Movie studios (other than studios affiliated with Marvel)

· Animated movies (other than Marvel or Disney movies)

· Guns (firearms, bullets, etc.)

Obviously, the above list, which only includes some of the restrictions in the terms of use, puts some serious limitations on what is authorized, and it’s clear Marvel wants to limit material that is embarrassing, confusing, or risky to the company. Personally, I am impressed by this list. It’s hard to come up with every possible scenario that could embarrass Marvel/Disney, but whoever came up with this list has come close.

            Amazon also offers a program for aspiring fan writers. It’s called Amazon Worlds, and it allows fans to write new stories set in fictional universes, such as  Gossip Girl, The Vampire Diaries, G.I. Joe, and many of the Valiant Entertainment comic book titles. Amazon worked out a deal with the original IP owners to publish this fan fiction, and the IP owner and the fan split the royalties, with the fan receiving between 20-35% of net revenue from e-books. I doubt anyone will get rich off of this, but it is one of the only places I know where a fan can publish a work set in an established, fictional universe and make money off of it without specter of a lawsuit, or at least a cease-and-desist letter, lurking. Again, the IP owners place restrictions on what can be done. For example, here are the guidelines for Valiant’s X-O Manowar:

1.       Pornography: We don't accept pornography or offensive depictions of graphic sexual acts.

2.       Offensive Content: We don't accept offensive content, including but not limited to racial slurs, excessively graphic or violent material, or excessive use of foul language.

3.       Illegal and Infringing Content: We take violations of laws and proprietary rights very seriously. It is the authors' responsibility to ensure that their content doesn't violate laws or copyright, trademark, privacy, publicity, or other rights.

4.       Poor Customer Experience: We don't accept books that provide a poor customer experience. Examples include poorly formatted books and books with misleading titles, cover art, or product descriptions. We reserve the right to determine whether content provides a poor customer experience.

5.       Excessive Use of Brands: We don't accept the excessive use of brand names or the inclusion of brand names for paid advertising or promotion.

6.       Crossover: No crossovers from other Worlds are permitted, meaning your work may not include elements of any copyright-protected book, movie, or other property outside of the elements of this World.

7.       The entries must present the protagonist(s), supporting character(s), and antagonist(s) in-character.

8.       No use of profane language or offensive racial, cultural, or sexual slurs.

9.       No extreme or persistent violence, including but not limited to descriptions of blood, gore, and/or bodily fluids.

10.    No erotica, including frequent, prominent, or graphic descriptions of sexual acts.

11.    No references to acquiring, using, or being under the influence of illegal drugs.

12.    No wanton disregard for scientific and historical accuracy.

13.    Aric does not act primitive or of lesser intellect despite being new to the social customs and technological advancements of the 21st Century. Aric is an intelligent, thinking man who can understand modern ideas in the context of his era of origin.

14.    Despite being a man from another time, Aric does not torture his enemies, nor does he engage in violence against children.

Many of the restrictions set forth here are similar to the others we’ve seen. IP owners are primarily worried about a fan creating a work that tarnishes or devalues their brand or exposes them to liability, and some also have concerns about fans profiting from their fan-made works.

            Fan art can be fun to create, and it can help aspiring writers and artists develop and refine their skills. If you want to create legal, authorized fan art, check to see if the brand you love has issued guidelines allowing fans to create content. You might be surprised, and if they’re generous, you might be able to make a little money. If the brand you want to use hasn’t issued guidelines, proceed carefully. Following the guidelines set forth by other brands might keep you out of trouble, but there is still risk whenever you create and distribute a work featuring intellectual property you don’t own.   

Lessons Learned from Self-Publishing

            It’s been one year since I released my book Comics Startup 101: Key Legal and Business Tips for Comic Book Creators. Since it’s my first book, and I went the self-publishing route, I thought my readers would like to hear some of the things I learned.

            I decided to self-publish my book for a few reasons. First, I wanted to keep the price low and be able to control it. It was important to me that my book be affordable so creators could buy it without putting a dent in their income. Additionally, I wanted to get out into the public quickly. I knew it would take a long time to submit to publishers, wait for them to respond, and then go through their editing process. It wasn’t something I wanted to do for this book.

            I chose Amazon’s CreateSpace program because books published through it are listed Amazon and any online bookseller who chooses to opt-in to their product offerings. It also was easy to make it available digitally on Kindle, and there were no initial print run demands. The book is only printed when ordered, and I have no obligations to order a set amount.

            How has my book performed? The sales have been in line with my modest expectations. I knew I wasn’t going to get rich of this book. It’s a short book that appeals to a narrow audience. I’ve sold 36 physical copies through Amazon and extended channels and 12 Kindle copies. I know, those aren’t eye-popping numbers, but I’m pretty happy with them. I’ve also sold an additional 10 copies in-person.

            However, there are far more copies of my book circulating among the public than what I’ve sold. I have given away a number of copies at conventions, for reviews, for gifts, and for strategic purposes. The number of free copies I’ve distributed totals 71. It’s not a surprising number. People love free books, and I’m happy to get mine  in the hands of as many people as possible. Obviously, I’d prefer they pay, but under certain circumstances, distributing free copies makes sense.

            So, what have I learned? Self-publishing is hard. You are responsible for the book from start to finish. The likelihood of someone discovering your book by accident and buying it is slim. Here are four takeaways I’ve learned.

1. Edit, edit, and edit some more.

Please, make sure to edit your book. Obviously, you’ll be responsible for doing some of the editing, but hire an editor, or find an editor willing to help you out (Hi, wife!), to edit your book. It will make it better. Looking over it once isn’t enough. Read your book so many times you’re sick of it. I’m pretty sure my wife and I read through my book at least 10 times, and each time, we’d find something else to fix or change.

2. Make it look good.

Make your book look as attractive as possible. Design a compelling cover. Make sure the interior looks great. The more professional your book looks, the more likely someone will be to buy it. Some publishers will offer basics for formatting your book, and some offer “add-on” services for a fee. Make sure you choose what works best for you and your budget.

3. Promote, promote, promote

Sadly, your great looking book won’t promote itself. You are going to be responsible for getting the word out and promoting it. Talk about it online before it’s released. Submit copies to be reviewed. Find outlets where you can talk about and promote your book. For me, I saw a noticeable sales bump every time I went on a podcast or gave a panel at a convention. You will be your best salesperson. So, make sure to get out there and promote it.

4. Profit?

Keep your expectations of profit in check. It’s possible to make good money by self-publishing, but it will probably take a while to turn a profit. You are going to be spending a lot of time, energy, and money on making and promoting your book. Make sure you understand how much money you will make on each book, and how you will get paid. If you’re self-publishing, evaluate a number of publishers and choose the one that’s right for you.

Some people look down on self-publishing. I don’t. I think there are number of valid reasons to do it, and honestly, some authors make a killing doing self-published work. If you choose to go the self-published route, keep in mind the things I discussed above.

If you’re interested in checking out my book, here’s the link (affiliate):

Wizard World & Sony

     Wizard World and Sony Pictures announced the other day they are partnering up to locate new properties for film development at Wizard World conventions. According to the reports, Wizard might be getting a cut of potential deals. Most people in the industry were taken by surprise, and some even mocked the deal—can’t Sony just buy a ticket to the conventions and talk to people themselves?

Here are my initial thoughts on the deal:

1. Who’s doing the work?

Is Sony sending someone to all of these conventions? My gut tells me no. If they’re smart, Sony would’ve structured the deal so as to make Wizard do all the work. Let Wizard host the pitches, sort through the materials, and present to Sony what they think is best. In reality, this puts Wizard in a scout role, with Wizard only getting a cut if Sony chooses to sign a deal with any of the creators Wizard presents to them.

2. Size

For some creators, this could be a good thing. San Diego Comic-Con and the other conventions in and around Los Angeles. aren’t getting smaller. It’s easy for your property to get overlooked. At the smaller Wizard World shows, newer creators might be able to be seen and heard.

3. Location

Somewhat related to the size of the conventions, for some aspiring creators, it’s a lot easier to make it to a Wizard World show. There are a lot of them in cities both large and small across the country, and many are within easy driving for many people. As mentioned in the press release, it might be easier to find some hidden gems.

4. Cost

If Sony has structured the deal as I envisioned it above, then there’s little risk to them. Make Wizard do the work, and pay them a finder’s fee if they find something good. Also, it’s probably cheaper for many aspiring creators to go to a Wizard World show than to travel out to Comic-Con, WonderCon, or New York Comic Con.

5. Contracts

There are obvious benefits to this deal for Wizard and Sony, but creators need to pay attention. Particularly, pay attention to what you’re signing. Will Wizard be incorporating anything relating to this in the Artist Alley or Exhibitor forms? I doubt it; such agreements should be treated separately. But, it’s best to be overly cautious. If you go to a pitch meeting and are offered a deal, be wary of signing anything without reviewing it and/or having an attorney review it. You shouldn’t feel pressured or put on the spot to sign a deal. As I’ve said elsewhere, pay attention to the details – Who gets money? Who gets rights to what, and for how long? Are there timetables to make things happen? Do you get your rights back if nothing happens? These are just a few of the questions to keep in mind.

     Overall, the partnership between Wizard World and Sony is surprising, and I will be following the details of it closely. Hopefully, it might lead to some breaks for lucky and talented up-and-coming creators. 

Practical Tips for Protecting Public Domain Characters

Editor’s Note: The following post is adapted from an article that appeared in the Entertainment & Sports Lawyer. You can find the original article here.

So, you own the rights to a character that is about to fall into the public domain under Copyright law. When this happens, you will lose control over the character and anyone is free to come along and create new works using your character. Is there anything you can do to protect and retain control over your character?

A LITTLE BACKGROUND
Currently, U.S. copyright law protects original works of authorship created on or after January 1, 1978 (i) for the life of the author plus 70 years, or (ii) 95 years from first publication or 120 years from the date of creation, whichever is shorter, for works made for hire, anonymous and pseudonymous works.[1] Once a work’s term of protection has ended, the work enters the public domain and is available for anyone to use.[2]

Looking solely to copyright law, it does not appear that there is anything you can do to extend the copyright protection for a character other than to have the character continually evolve over the years. However, “a copyright affords protection only for original works of authorship and, consequently, copyrights in derivative works secure protection only for the incremental additions of originality contributed by the authors of the derivative works.”[3]

WILL SHERLOCK HOLMES SOLVE THE CASE?
In 2014, the Seventh Circuit court of appeals addressed the issue of whether a continually evolving literary character should fall into the public domain only after all works containing the character have entered the public domain, or if parts of the character can pass into the public domain whenever the original publications reach the end of their protected terms.

The case in question was Klinger v. Doyle Estate, Ltd.,[4] and it dealt with the character of Sherlock Holmes. Klinger co-edited an anthology of Sherlock Holmes stories written by modern authors, but he did not obtain a license from the Doyle estate to do so because he believed the works to be in the public domain.[5] The record in the case established that all but ten of the Sherlock Holmes stories had passed into the public domain.[6] However, his publisher at the time paid a licensing fee to the Doyle estate after being contacted.[7] Klinger and his co-editor then created another anthology for a different publisher.[8] Due to the Doyle estate’s demand of a licensing fee and threats to block publication of the book, Klinger’s publisher refused to publish the anthology unless Klinger obtained a license.[9] Klinger sued for a declaratory judgment that the Sherlock Holmes stories were no longer protected by copyright and that the few stories that were under copyright lacked “sufficient originality to be copyrightable.”[10] The Doyle estate argued that complex characters like Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson whose complexities are revealed across many stories should remain protected until the final story protected by copyright falls into the public domain.[11]  The court, however, ruled that only “original elements added in the later stories” should remain protected by copyright law.[12]

HOW CAN YOU PROTECT YOUR PUBLIC DOMAIN CHARACTER?
In light of the recent Sherlock Holmes case and other cases finding similar results,[13] what options are available to protect a character about to fall into the public domain? Realistically, there are not a lot of options. Your character has been protected for decades, and soon it will belong to the public. As the court in Klinger pointed out, extending copyright protection further shrinks the public domain making it more difficult to create new work,[14] and perpetual copyright protection would violate the Constitution, which authorized “copyright protection only for ‘limited Times.’”[15]  

However, there are two methods by which you may retain some control over your character, or, at a minimum, limit the ability of others to capitalize on the character. The two methods are through any trademark rights you may have gained in the character and through continued, official exploitation of the character.

The first method is to register all applicable trademark rights for your character. While this will not prevent others from using a character in the public domain, it should limit their ability to advertise and exploit the character. If your character’s name doubles as the title of a continuing publication, such as a comic book, then newcomers might be prevented from using the character’s name in the title of a competing publication. If you exploit your character on merchandise, then you should be able to prevent others from doing the same with the character. Personally, I do not believe using trademark rights to totally protect your character is possible. However, there have been instances where a character’s image fell into the public domain and trademark law protected it from exploitation,[16]  but overall, many feel that expanding trademark rights to wholly protect characters that have entered the public domain goes against the public policy goals of granting limited copyright protection.[17] In light of this, and this author’s beliefs on the matter, trademark rights to a character should only be allowed to prevent exploitation in areas unrelated to the character’s original medium that has entered the public domain. For example, if the Doyle estate has a valid trademark on Sherlock Holmes hats, then while a newcomer could exploit Sherlock Holmes in literature and other possible narrative mediums, the newcomer could be prevented from creating Sherlock Holmes branded hats. 

The second method is not exactly law related, but business oriented. One way to protect against unwanted exploitation of public domain characters is to establish a licensing regime to exploit your character. If your character is popular enough, you should be able to retain some control over the exploitation of it by establishing stories, books, movies, etc. that would fall into an official canon for the character. By designating specific works that will be officially recognized as continuing to tell the story of the character, you will be able to distinguish the official works from unofficial, derivative works. This method of creation and exploitation should encourage fans of the character to seek out and consume works that build upon and expand the official world of the character.

Ian Fleming Publications Ltd. appears to be doing a great job of doing what I described above. Ian Fleming passed away in 1964. The rights to many of his literary creations, including James Bond, now belong to Ian Fleming Publications Ltd. This entity continues to work with authors to create new James Bond stories in various media, including new books[18] and even new graphic novels.[19] In 2016, the company partnered with IDW and hired noted comic book writer Warren Ellis to create an “‘Official Continuation’ of the Bond of the book.”[20] By commissioning and approving new works that enhance and expand the stories of James Bond, Ian Fleming Publications Ltd. has set up a clear system to exploit new works and protect the character of James Bond when Fleming’s original Bond novels finally fall into the public domain.

In my opinion the Doyle Estate took too long before implementing this approach to make it effective. Over the years, new stories were released, including some by Arthur Conan Doyle’s son, but none were officially recognized as continuing Holmes and Watson’s adventures. In 2016, the Estate did authorize a writer to release a new Sherlock Holmes book in 2011.[21] It was the first book officially endorsed by the Arthur Conan Doyle family in 80 years.[22]

Even though you do not want to hear that others might soon be able to exploit the character you have rights to, it is going to happen. Your character and stories will fall into the public domain. However, if you take actions beforehand, you may be able to exert some control over the fate of your character before others start using it.

---

[1] Circular 15a, Duration of Copyright, 1, U.S. Copyright Office,  http://www.copyright.gov/circs/circ15a.pdf (last visited May 24, 2016)..

[2] Kurtz, Leslie A., The Methuselah Factor: When Characters Outlive Their Copyrights,  11 U. Miami Ent. & Sports L. Rev. 437, 446 (1994).

[3] Silverman v. CBS Inc., 870 F.2d 40, 49 (2^nd Cir. 1989).

[4] Klinger v. Doyle Estate, Ltd., 755 F.3d 496 (7^th Cir. 2014).

[5] Id. at 497.

[6] Id.

[7] Id.

[8] Id.

[9] Id. at 498.

[10] Id.

[11] Id.

[12] Id. at 501.

[13] See Klinger, 755 F.3d at 500-01; See also Kurtz, The Methuselah Factor, at 447.

[14] Klinger, 755 F.3d at 501.

[15] Id. at 503.

[16] See Frederick Warne & Co., Inc. v. Book Sales, Inc., 481 F.Supp. 1191 (S.D.N.Y. 1979).

[17] Kurtz, 11 U. Miami Ent. & Sports L. Rev. at 450-51.

[18] About Us, http://www.ianfleming.com/about-ian-fleming-publications/ (last visited June 15, 2016).

[19]Vargr hits shelves – James Bond Comic Issues #1 Out Now, Nov. 4, 2015, http://www.ianfleming.com/vargr-hits-shelves-james-bond-comic-issue-1-out-now/ (last visited June 15, 2016).

[20] Bailey, Benjamin. Warren Ellis Talks Bringing Ian Fleming’s James Bond to 2016, Nerdist.com, http://nerdist.com/warren-ellis-talks-bringing-ian-flemings-james-bond-to-2016/ (last vistited July 13, 2016).

[21] A New Sherlock Holmes Story: The House of Silk b Anthony Horowitz, http://www.conandoyleestate.com/index.php/house-of-silk-anthony-horowitz/ (last visited July 7, 2016).

[22] A New Sherlock Holmes Story: The House of Silk b Anthony Horowitz, http://www.conandoyleestate.com/index.php/house-of-silk-anthony-horowitz/ (last visited July 7, 2016).